China's Innovation System and the Move Toward Harmonious Growth and Endogenous Innovation

Observers around the world are impressed by the rapid growth of China’s economy. While outside observers tend to focus on the success story of unprecedented growth policy documents and recent domestic debates in China have pointed to the need for a shift in the growth trajectory with stronger emphasis on ‘endogenous innovation’ and ‘harmonious development’. This paper attempts to capture the current characteristics of China’s production and innovation system; how they were shaped by history and what major challenges they raise for the future. On the basis of the analysis the authors propose that it is possible to link together the two key concepts ‘endogenous innovation’ and ‘harmonious development’ by focusing innovation and development efforts in China on domestic needs, including social needs, rather than a one-sided focus on export-promotion and commodity production.China; economic growth; R&D; innovation systems

Social Media Usage, Self-efficacy and Cultural Intelligence: A Longitudinal Empirical Research in China

Social media have become ubiquitous in our lives. To meet with the calls to examine social media usage in cross-cultural contexts, the study conducted a longitudinal survey to explore bilateral relationships between social media usage, self-efficacy and cultural intelligence. Based on Social Cognitive Theory, findings indicate that both informational and socializing usage of social media increase individual’s self-efficacy whereby individual cultural intelligence is developed. In addition, cultural intelligence effectively enhances increasing of individual’s self-efficacy. Implications and limitations are further discussed

The Comparative Study of Entrepreneurship Education Collaborative Model in United States, Britain, Japan and India

The process of entrepreneurship education is complex and its connotation is rich. The characteristics of entrepreneurial education determines the entrepreneurship education must be a process of collaborative education of multiple education body. The practice of foreign entrepreneurship education provides a sufficient proof that high degree of collaborative can promote entrepreneurship education better. Based on the theory of collaborative education, this paper constructs the collaborative model of entrepreneurship education, selected and analysis the different collaborative education model the United States, Britain, Japan, India. Keywords: Entrepreneurship education; collaborative model; comparative stud

Temperature-dependent exciton-related transition energies mediated by carrier concentrations in unintentionally Al-doped ZnO films

The authors reported on a carrier-concentration mediation of exciton-related radiative transition energies in Al-doped ZnO films utilizing temperature-dependent (TD) photoluminescence and TD Hall-effect characterizations. The transition energies of free and donor bound excitons consistently change with the measured TD carrier concentrations. Such a carrier-concentration mediation effect can be well described from the view of heavy-doping-induced free-carrier screening and band gap renormalization effects. This study gives an important development to the currently known optical properties of ZnO materials.This research is supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research of China under Grant No. 2011CB302003, National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61025020, 60990312, and 61274058), Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province (BK2011437), and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions

Thermal pretreatment of sapphire substrates prior to ZnO buffer layer growth

The properties of ZnO buffer layers grown via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on sapphire substrates after various thermal pretreatments are systematically investigated. High-temperature pretreatments lead to significant modifications of the sapphire surface, which result in enhanced growth nucleation and a consequent improvement of the surface morphology and quality of the ZnO layers. The evolution of the surface morphology as seen by atomic force microscopy indicates an obvious growth mode transition from three-dimensional to quasi-two-dimensional as the pretreatment temperature increases. A minimum surface roughness is obtained when the pretreatment temperature reaches 1150 °C, implying that a high-temperature pretreatment at 1150 °C or above may lead to a conversion of the surface polarity from O-face to Zn-face, similar to processes in GaN material growth via MOCVD. By analyzing the evolution of the film properties as a function of pretreatment temperature, the optimal condition has been determined to be at 1150 °C. This study indicates that a high-temperature pretreatment is crucial to grow high-quality ZnO on sapphire substrates by MOCVD.This research was supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research of China under Grant No. 2011CB302003, National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61025020, 60990312, and 61274058), Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province (BK2011437), and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions

Two-dimensional electron gas related emissions in ZnMgO/ZnO heterostructures

Radiative recombination of two-dimensional electron gas(2DEG), induced by polarization and validated by Hall effect measurements, is investigated in ZnMgO/ZnO heterostructures grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The Mg composition, the depth profile distribution of Mg, the residual strain in ZnMgO caplayer, and the thickness of caplayer all significantly influence the 2DEG-related transitions in ZnMgO/ZnO heterostructures. Below or above ZnO donor bound exciton, three additional broad emissions persisting up to 100 K are assigned to the spatially indirect transitions from 2DEG electrons to the photoexcited holes towards the ZnO flat-band region or remaining at the heterointerface.Research is supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research of China under Grant No. 2011CB302003 and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61025020 and 60990312)

Gas sensing performance of In2O3 nanostructures: A mini review

Effective detection of toxic and hazardous gases is crucial for ensuring human safety, and high-performance metal oxide-based gas sensors play an important role in achieving this goal. In2O3 is a widely used n-type metal oxide in gas sensors, and various In2O3 nanostructures have been synthesized for detecting small gas molecules. In this review, we provide a brief summary of current research on In2O3-based gas sensors. We discuss methods for synthesizing In2O3 nanostructures with various morphologies, and mainly review the sensing behaviors of these structures in order to better understand their potential in gas sensors. Additionally, the sensing mechanism of In2O3 nanostructures is discussed. Our review further indicates that In2O3-based nanomaterials hold great promise for assembling high-performance gas sensors

Phase Transition and Optical Properties for Ultrathin KNbO 3

Fascicular KNbO3 nanowires with tetragonal perovskite structures and ultrasmall diameters are synthesized by hydrothermal route at about 150°C for 24 hours. The concentrations of medium alkalinity have influenced phase structures and the final morphologies of the products significantly by modifying the conditions in process. The as-prepared KNbO3 nanowires exhibit three phase transitions at about 343, 454.7, and 623 K as the temperature increases from 250 to 700 K. The band gap is about 3.78 eV for KNbO3 nanowires. Photoluminescence study at room temperature reveals two visible light emission bands peaking at ~551 and 597 nm, respectively, which may be due to the oxygen vacancies, site niobium (occupy the location of Nb), and antisite niobium (occupy the location of K) in KNbO3 nanowires

Alcohol, Stem Cells and Cancer.

Dosage, gender, and genetic susceptibility to the effects of alcohol remained only partially elucidated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the role of alcohol in liver and gastrointestinal cancers. In addition, two recent pathways- DNA repair and TGF-β signaling which provide new insights into alcohol in the regulation of cancers and stem cells are also discussed here

Identification and modulation of electronic band structures of single-phase B-(AlxGa1-x)2O3 alloys grown by laser molecular beam epitaxy

Understanding the band structure evolution of (AlxGa1x)2O3 alloys is of fundamental importance for developing Ga2O3-based power electronic devices and vacuum ultraviolet super-radiation hard detectors. Here, we report on the bandgap engineering of b-(AlxGa1x)2O3 thin films and the identification of compositionally dependent electronic band structures by a combination of absorption spectra analyses and density functional theory calculations. Single-monoclinic b-phase (AlxGa1x)2O3 (0 x 0.54) films with a preferred (201) orientation were grown by laser molecular beam epitaxy with tunable bandgap ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 eV. The excellent fitting of absorption spectra by the relation of (ah) 1/2 / (h-E) unambiguously identifies that b-(AlxGa1x)2O3 alloys are indirect bandgap semiconductors. Theoretical calculations predict that the indirect nature of b-(AlxGa1x)2O3 becomes more pronounced with increased Al composition due to the increased eigenvalue energy gap between M and U points in the valence band. The experimentally determined indirect bandgap exhibits almost a linear relationship with Al composition, which is consistent with the theoretical calculation and indicates a small bowing effect and a good miscibility. The identification and modulation of (AlxGa1x)2O3 band structures allows rational design of ultra-wide bandgap oxide heterostructures for the applications in power electronics and solar-blind or X-ray detection.This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project (Grant No. 2017YFB0403003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61774081, 61322403, and 11227904), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant Nos. BK20130013 and BK20161401), the Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province (2014XXRJ001), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (021014380093 and 021014380085) and the Australian Research Council. The computational part of this research was undertaken with the assistance of resources from the National Computational Infrastructure (NCI), which is supported by the Australian Government under the NCRIS program